Massive Resistance – Desegregation of Virginia Education (DOVE)

October 25, 2018

Voices of Freedom collection

Voices of Freedom collection

Creator	Virginia Commonwealth University. Special Collections and Archives
Description	This collection contains oral histories involving various subjects with the Civil Rights Movement.
Call number
Date from	2002
Date to	2003
Geographic school	Virgina
Size	11 videocassettes; 11 RealMedia files; 11 transcripts; 11 photographs
Access restrictions yes/no
Access restrictions
Part Of larger collection yes/no
Larger collection title
URL	http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm4/index_voices.php?CISOROOT=/voices
Repository	Virginia Commonwealth University Special Collections and Archives
Repository address	James Branch Cabell Library, Special Collections and Archives, 901 Park Avenue, P.O. Box 842033, Richmond, VA 23284-2033
Repository contact name	Wesley Chenault
Repository contact title
Repository contact email	libjbcsca@vcu.edu
Repository contact phone	(804) 828-1108
DoveRegion	region5
Subjects	o African American churches o African Americans–Civil rights o Civil rights movements o King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968 o School integration–Massive resistance movement o Segregation in education o Prince Edward County (Va.). County School Board–Trials, litigation, etc. o Southern Christian Leadership Conference o Topeka (Kan.). Board of Education–Trials, litigation, etc. o Voter registration
Types	o Interviews o Transcripts o Video recordings

October 25, 2018

Television news of the civil rights era

Television news of the civil rights era

Creator	University of Virginia
Description	News of the Civil Rights Era, 1950-1970, is a digitization project that aims to collect, digitize, and present in streaming video format over the World Wide Web television news footage from the Civil Rights Era.
Call number
Date from	1950
Date to	1970
Geographic school	Virginia
Size	circa 230 digitized video recordings; transcripts; manuscripts
Access restrictions yes/no
Access restrictions
Part Of larger collection yes/no
Larger collection title
URL	http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/civilrightstv/
Repository	Virginia Center for Digital History
Repository address	Taylor Room, Alderman Library, P.O. Box 400116, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4116
Repository contact name	Scot French
Repository contact title
Repository contact email	saf5g@virginia.edu
Repository contact phone	(434) 924-4777
DoveRegion	region7
Subjects	o Civil rights movements o Civil rights movements–Southern States o Civil rights movements–Press coverage o Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963 o King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968 o Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994 o Roanoke River Valley (Va. and N.C.) o School integration–Massive resistance movement o Virginia–Politics and government o Television broadcasting
Types	o Interviews o Manuscripts o Sound recordings o Transcripts

October 24, 2018

Wyatt, Landon Russell papers (1891-1971)

Wyatt, Landon Russell papers (1891-1971)

Creator	Wyatt, Landon Russell (1891-1971)
Description	State senator and business executive, of Danville, Va. Chiefly topical and election correspondence (primarily 1950-70), speeches, and printed material, relating to Virginia budget, Gray Commission on Massive Resistance, and the Virginia Tobacco Tax Commission. Includes some papers from Wyatt’s career as chairman of the board of trustees of Averett College, Danville, Va.. Correspondents include Watkins Moorman Abbitt, John Stewart Battle, Harry Flood Byrd, Harry Flood Byrd, Jr., Mills Edwin Godwin, Thomas Marshall Hahn, Albertis Sydney Harrison, Absolam Willis Robertson, William Belser Spong, William Munford Tuck, and George Corley Wallace.
Call number	MS 72-1822
Date from	1935
Date to	1970
Geographic school	Virginia
Size	2 ft. (1981 items)
Access restrictions yes/no
Access restrictions
Part Of larger collection yes/no
Larger collection title
URL
Repository	UNLV Department of Special Collections
Repository address	Box 457010, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-7010
Repository contact name	University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Special Collections
Repository contact title	Director, Special Collections
Repository contact email
Repository contact phone	(702) 895-2234
DoveRegion	(outside of Virginia)
Subjects	o African American students o African Americans–Civil rights o Battle, John Stewart, 1890-1972 o Godwin, Mills E. (Mills Edwin), 1914-1999 o Harrison, Albertis S. (Albertis Sydney), 1907-1995 o Public schools o School children o School closings o School integration o Virginia. General Assembly o Wyatt, Landon Russell, 1891-1971 o Tuck, William M. (William Munford), 1896-1983 o Byrd, Harry F. (Harry Flood), 1887-1966 o Byrd, Harry F., Jr. (Harry Flood), 1914-2013 o Hahn, T. Marshall (Thomas Marshall), 1926- o Robertson, A. Willis o Spong, William B. (William Belser), 1920-1997
Types	o Correspondence o Legal documents

October 23, 2018October 23, 2018

Locked out: the fall of massive resistance

Locked out: the fall of massive resistance

Creator	Community Idea Stations (WCVE-PBS Richmond)
Description	This collection includes 20 to 22 video recordings of about an hour long that were used for the documentary ‘Locked Out’ on school desegregation and massive resistance in Virginia.
Call number
Date from	2009
Date to
Geographic school	Virginia
Size	20-22 video recordings
Access restrictions yes/no
Access restrictions
Part Of larger collection yes/no
Larger collection title
URL	http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/LOCKED+OUT+THE+FALL+OF+MASSIVE+RESISTANCE
Repository	The Community Idea Stations
Repository address	23 Sesame Street, North Chesterfield, VA 23235
Repository contact name
Repository contact title	Community Idea Stations
Repository contact email	http://ideastations.org/contact-form
Repository contact phone	(804) 560-8121
DoveRegion	region5
Subjects	o African American students o African Americans o Civil rights movements o School integration–Massive resistance movement o School integration o Topeka (Kan.). Board of Education–Trials, litigation, etc. o Virginia–Politics and government
Types	o Interviews o Video recordings

October 23, 2018

WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Neal Strozier commenting on a public address by Virginal governor J. Lindsay Almond in Richmond, Virginia and on the recent integration of the previously all-white schools in Arlington County and Norfolk, Virginia, 1959 Fe

WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Neal Strozier commenting on a public address by Virginal governor J. Lindsay Almond in Richmond, Virginia and on the recent integration of the previously all-white schools in Arlington County and Norfolk, Virginia, 1959 Fe

Creator	WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)
Description	Reporter: Strozier, Neal. In this WSB newsfilm clip from February 7, 1959, correspondent Neal Strozier speaking from Arlington County, Virginia, comments on the recent integration of the all-white schools in Arlington County and Norfolk, as well as a public address by governor J. Lindsay Almond in Richmond, Virginia. The clip begins with Strozier standing in front of Stratford Junior High School in Arlington County, Virginia as people enter the school. According to Strozier, twenty-one African American students began attending seven previously all-white schools in Norfolk and Arlington County, Virginia earlier that week. He reports that all seven of the schools are maintaining security precautions. While he speaks, the camera shows a uniformed policeman outside the school. The clip breaks and then shows Strozier again, this time standing in front of the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond. While he speaks, the camera focuses on flags flying above the capitol building and on the legislative chamber and people inside it. Strozier commends the state for its “grace and dignity” during integration. He mentions a public address by governor J. Lindsay Almond on January 28 in which the governor “rejected extremist demands for obstruction at all cost.” For a few moments the clip shows Almond’s January 28 speech. Strozier begins speaking again; while he speaks, the camera returns to Stratford Junior High School in Arlington, Virginia. A policeman stands behind a “No trespassing” sign, and young women in winter clothing carry books and walk past reporters toward the school. African American students, three boys and one girl, get out of a car; the driver makes an adjustment before closing the door. Later the camera shows a Norfolk school where one African American student sits in a classroom with white students as the teacher walks back and forth in front of the classroom. Strozier, speaking again of Almond’s January 28th speech, relays the governor’s call for observance of federal law and for “keeping with Virginia’s tradition of peace and order.” Strozier confirms that local authorities in Arlington County have “shown every determination to keep peace and order” and that there white students are starting to accept their new African American peers. He also reports that schools in Norfolk, which had been closed for half a year to prevent integration are now attended by both white and African American students. While not every student has returned, he notes that those who are in school seem more interested in resuming their education than in the fact of integration. As the camera pans back to focus on Strozier, he states that police in Norfolk and in Arlington are prepared for racial incidents and praises the restraint shown in the communities. The clip audio breaks for a moment, after which Strozier comments that state and local officials surrendered “gracefully” after fighting to the end. He also notes that the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) “has refrained from actively pushing integration further south in Virginia where feeling might have run higher.” He explains that both the African American community and white officials want to avoid the rioting and tension that occurred during the 1957 desegregation of Little Rock Central High School. The first lawsuit for school integration in Virginia was filed in 1951 in Prince Edward County. The case was eventually incorporated into the 1954 United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled against segregation in public education. State officials in Virginia, led by United States senator Harry Byrd, organized a plan of “massive resistance” by passing laws designed to prevent desegregation, including closing schools facing desegregation and providing tuition grants to private schools for displaced white students. In the fall of 1958, schools in Norfolk, Charlottesville, and Warren County, Virginia, were closed after the courts ordered the
Call number
Date from	1959 February 07
Date to	1959 February 07
Geographic school	Arlington County and Norfolk, VA
Size	1 clip (about 2 min.)
Access restrictions yes/no
Access restrictions
Part Of larger collection yes/no
Larger collection title
URL
Repository	The Civil Rights Digital Library
Repository address	University of Georgia Libraries, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-1641
Repository contact name	Dr. P. Toby Graham
Repository contact title	Director, Digital Library of Georgia
Repository contact email	tgraham@uga.edu
Repository contact phone	(706) 583-0213
DoveRegion	(outside of Virginia)
Subjects	o African American students o African Americans–Civil rights o Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986 o Public schools o Race relations o School children o School closings o School integration o School integration–Massive resistance movement o Strozier, Neal o National Association for the Advancement of Colored People o Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.) o Public schools–Virginia–Arlington o Public schools–Virginia–Norfolk
Types	Broadcast-Television-News

September 7, 2018

Massive Resistance-Printed materials

Massive Resistance-Printed materials

Creator	unknown
Description	Consists of regional and national newspaper clippings covering the “Massive Resistance” movement and public reaction to the desegregation and subsequent closing of some of Norfolk’s public schools. Also discussed are state and local politicians such as Governor Lindsay Almond, Jr., who ordered the closing the Norfolk schools that enrolled African American students, and Mayor William Fred Duckworth, who opposed de-segregating the public schools. Some of the clippings discuss the fate of those students whose graduation was put in jeopardy by the school closing, known as “The Lost Class of ’59.”
Call number	MG 98
Date from	1958
Date to	1960
Geographic school	Virginia; Norfolk, VA
Size	2 Hollinger document cases
Access restrictions yes/no	no
Access restrictions	The collection is open to researchers with no restrictions. Information on literary property rights should be directed to the Special Collections Librarian.
Part Of larger collection yes/no
Larger collection title
URL	http://www.lib.odu.edu/specialcollections/manuscripts/index.htm
Repository	Old Dominion University, Special Collections and University Archives
Repository address	Patricia W. & J. Douglas Perry Library, Norfolk, VA 23529-0256
Repository contact name
Repository contact title	Special Collections Librarian and University Archivist
Repository contact email	libspecialcollections@odu.edu
Repository contact phone	(757) 683-4483
DoveRegion	region3
Subjects	o African American students o African Americans–Civil rights o African Americans–Segregation o Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986 o Public schools o Race relations o School children o School closings o School integration o School integration–Massive resistance movement o Virginia. Pupil Placement Board o Duckworth, William Frederick o Public schools–Virginia–Norfolk
Types	Clippings

September 5, 2018September 5, 2018

School Desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia

School Desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia

Creator	Old Dominion University Libraries
Description	This digital collection relates to Massive Resistance and school desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia. Included are selected documents from the following collections: Women’s Council for Interracial Cooperation, ODU Oral History Collection, Margaret White Papers, Forrest P. White Papers, A.E.S. Stephens Papers, Paul T. Schweitzer Papers, Henry E. Howell, Jr. Papers and Archie L. Boswell Papers. These collections document the activities of the Norfolk School Board, the Norfolk Committee on Public Schools, an attorney representing the plaintiffs in the lawsuits initiated to reopen the schools, and a teacher. A Timeline of events and an extensive list of Resources included. While the majority of the collections concern the events of the school closings in Norfolk, many also contain information on Virginia’s reaction to the Supreme Court’s decision as a whole. It is important to note that these collections primarily represent the reactions of the white community in Norfolk.
Call number	MG 98
Date from	1954
Date to	1954
Geographic school	Virginia; Norfolk, VA
Size	approximately 3000 documents
Access restrictions yes/no	no
Access restrictions	Open to researchers without restrictions. Questions on copyrights should be directed to the University Counsel.
Part Of larger collection yes/no	no
Larger collection title
URL	http://www.lib.odu.edu/specialcollections/schooldesegregation/index.htm
Repository	Old Dominion University, Special Collections and University Archives
Repository address	Patricia W. & J. Douglas Perry Library, Norfolk, VA 23529-0256
Repository contact name
Repository contact title	Special Collections Librarian and University Archivist
Repository contact email	libspecialcollections@odu.edu
Repository contact phone	(757) 683-4483
DoveRegion	region3
Subjects	o School closings o School integration–Massive resistance movement o Segregation in education o Public schools–Virginia–Norfolk
Types	o Correspondence o Legal documents

September 5, 2018

Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation

Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation

Creator	Norfolk Public Schools
Description	This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools in as mandated by the “Massive Resistance” law. Other letters during this time period discuss allowing groups to meet in those schools as long as the schools would not be used for educational purposes. The donated material also includes school directories from 1922-1990 and school calendars from 1952-2008.
Call number	MG 92
Date from	1922
Date to	2008
Geographic school	Norfolk, VA
Size	34 Hollinger Document Cases; 2 oversized Hollinger boxes
Access restrictions yes/no	yes
Access restrictions	To access this collection, researchers must first sign a non-disclosure statement in order to protect confidential information. Questions on literary property rights should be directed to the Special Collections Librarian.
Part Of larger collection yes/no
Larger collection title
URL	http://www.lib.odu.edu/specialcollections/manuscripts/nps.htm
Repository	Old Dominion University, Special Collections and University Archives
Repository address	Patricia W. & J. Douglas Perry Library, Norfolk, VA 23529-0256
Repository contact name
Repository contact title	Special Collections Librarian and University Archivist
Repository contact email	libspecialcollections@odu.edu
Repository contact phone	(757) 683-4483
DoveRegion	region3
Subjects	o African American students o African Americans–Civil rights o African Americans–Segregation o Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986 o Busing for school integration o Godwin, Mills E. (Mills Edwin), 1914-1999 o Public schools o Race relations o School children o Virginia. Pupil Placement Board
Types	o Clippings o Correspondence o Legal documents

September 5, 2018

Norfolk Women’s Oral history

Norfolk Women’s Oral history

Creator	ODU History 495/595 Students
Description	The 8 interviews included in this collection were conducted for the Old Dominion University History course 495/595: “Recapturing Women’s History: Local and National,” taught by Dr. Dorothy Johnson in the Fall of 1982. Each interview includes a brief biographical sketch of the person interviewed and a typed transcript. Related to women involved with religion (Mueller, Park ), medicine (Hill, Morris), education (James, White), and the Girl Scout Movement in Norfolk (Harris, Ogg). Some of these relate to Massive Resistance in Norfolk and the Norfolk School closings, these include Ruth James and Edith White.
Call number	none
Date from	1982
Date to	1982
Geographic school	Norfolk, VA
Size	8 interviews
Access restrictions yes/no	no
Access restrictions
Part Of larger collection yes/no	no
Larger collection title
URL	http://www.lib.odu.edu/specialcollections/oralhistory/womenhistory/
Repository	Old Dominion University, Special Collections and University Archives
Repository address	Patricia W. & J. Douglas Perry Library, Norfolk, VA 23529-0256
Repository contact name
Repository contact title	Special Collections Librarian and University Archivist
Repository contact email	libspecialcollections@odu.edu
Repository contact phone	(757) 683-4483
DoveRegion	region3
Subjects	o African American students o African Americans–Civil rights o African Americans–Segregation o Public schools o Race relations o School children o School closings o School integration–Massive resistance movement o Segregation in education o James, Ruth Pendleton o White, Edith R. o Women’s Council for Interracial Cooperation
Types	Oral History

September 5, 2018

Schweitzer, Paul T.

Schweitzer, Paul T.

Creator	Schweitzer, Paul T.
Description	Norfolk businessman and member of the Norfolk School Board (1952-1960) and City Council (1960-1968) during the Massive Resistance crisis. Includes correspondence, legal documents, newspapers clippings, scrapbooks and photographs that primarily document his activities during Norfolk’s desegregation crisis.
Call number	MG 16
Date from	1903
Date to	1976
Geographic school	Norfolk, VA
Size	Three Hollinger Documents Cases and One Hollinger Drop-Front Print Box
Access restrictions yes/no	no
Access restrictions	Open to researchers without restrictions. Questions on literary property rights should be directed to the Special Collections Librarian.
Part Of larger collection yes/no
Larger collection title
URL	http://www.lib.odu.edu/specialcollections/manuscripts/schweitzer.htm
Repository	Old Dominion University, Special Collections and University Archives
Repository address	Patricia W. & J. Douglas Perry Library, Norfolk, VA 23529-0256
Repository contact name
Repository contact title	Special Collections Librarian and University Archivist
Repository contact email	libspecialcollections@odu.edu
Repository contact phone	(757) 683-4483
DoveRegion	region3
Subjects	o African American students o African Americans–Civil rights o African Americans–Segregation o Public schools o Race relations o School children o School closings o School integration o School integration–Massive resistance movement o Segregation in education o Norfolk (Va.) School Board o Norfolk (Va.) City Council o Schweitzer, Paul T., 1903-1976
Types	o Clippings o Correspondence o Legal documents